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Colleges wage feudal war over TV markets, and the Big Ten and SEC won. For football, they're far stronger than other conferences.
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The Big Ten and SEC have supremacy for stadiums and TV ratings. Outside the Big 10 and SEC, the biggest stadiums are Clemson, Florida State, and Notre Dame, and the biggest TV ratings are Notre Dame and Florida State.
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The Big Ten and SEC dominate recruiting. The plot shows recruiting ranks averaged over the past 4 years, along with the AP rank averaged over the past 18 years.
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For 2022, the SEC has 9 of the top 16 recruiting classes, and 15 SEC teams are in the top 32.
Among the top 64 recruiting teams, all are in the Power 4.
The new Big 10 owns almost all the Rose Bowl wins and the new Pac 12 has none. The table shows Rose Bowl wins from the classical era from 1947 to 2014, when the champions of the Big 10 and Pac 12 played. It excludes 2002 and 2006, when the Rose Bowl was the national championship game.
Rose Bowl wins:
Big 10 originals 35 Pac 12 originals 37 USC + UCLA + Wash + Ore 32 Stanford 4 Arizona State 1 Big 10 now 67 Pac 12 now 0
UCLA, USC, Washington, and Oregon could play a round robin each year and call it the Pac 12 championship.
The Michigan Big House is the new Rose Bowl.
Food chains:
U. Chicago has 7 Big Ten titles.
They withdrew from the Big Ten in 1946 and canceled the football team.
Football was a distraction to academics.
The Pacific Conference lost schools to the Big 10, these being
UCLA, USC, Washington, and Oregon. To the Big 12 they lost
Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and Arizona St.
To the ACC they lost Cal and Stanford. The only remaining schools were Washington St and
Oregon St. Then the Pacific Conference poached from the Mountain West, namely
Boise St, Colorado St, San Diego St, and Fresno St.
If the Pacific Conference poaches again, contenders include:
Las Vegas announced that it's staying in the Mountain West.
The status of 5th-most powerful conference is a tie between the Pacific Conference and
the AAC. It's wise to poach from the AAC. San Antonio is AAC and it's a big market, a big
school, and a big stadium. Triple big. Texas big.
It's also a big market with no NFL team, and one of the
likeliest places for a new NFL team.
The Pacific conference could also raid Tulane and Memphis from the AAC.
Tourist destinations should be favored, such as Las Vegas, Hawaii, and Tulane.
These places are good for November games.
The Mountain West responded by adding El Paso and by giving bonuses to Las Vegas and
Air Force. Air Force was being courted by the AAC, where it could join Army and Navy.
The Mountain West will likely add more schools.
Contenders include Sacramento St, Texas St, Northern Illinois, and New Mexico St.
It's possible that the Mountain West could recruit from the FCS, and teams under consideration
include Idaho, Montana, Montana St, North Dakota St, and South Dakota St.
The fee to move from FCS to FBS was once 5 k$ and is now 5 M$.
Notre Dame plays 6 ACC teams per year. Once could imagine Notre Dame switching
to Big 10 teams for bigger TV revenue. Playing Big 10 teams also helps if
you're a national championship contender, and it gives the Big 10 an edge over
the SEC. Notre Dame is at the geographic
center of the Big 10 with 6 teams within a 3-hour drive. Notre Dame's schedule in
games/year is:
"Games/year" is averaged over 2016-2024. We regard USC as always
having been in the Big 10, and Stanford and Cal as always having been
in the ACC.
Notre Dame's future schedule has space. They play Stanford through 2024,
USC through 2026, and Navy through 2032. Presumably the USC and Navy games
will be renewed, and Stanford is less certain. Big games include USC, Texas
AM, and Stanford in 2024. USC and Texas AM in 2025. USC in 2026. Michigan St
in 2027. Alabama in 2030. Michigan in 2033 and 2034.
Notre Dame is often involved in big non-conference games.
Decades ago, there were never enough big non-conference games
to properly decide bowls, and Notre Dame was a big help.
Today, the Big 10 and SEC dominate, so the bowl picture will be
more clear.
The Big 10 teams that Notre Dame plays frequently are USC, Purdue, Michigan
State, and Michigan. Notre Dame could potentially join the Big 10. The schedule
would be 9 Big 10 teams, Stanford, Navy, and one free game.
Among ACC teams, Notre Dame always plays Stanford, and the other teams are random.
Notre Dame has long-standing rivalries with Pittsburgh and Georgia Tech,
but these teams don't get special favoratism today. Notre Dame also has long-standing
rivalries with Army and Air Force but rarely plays these teams today.
Notre Dame's rivalries are:
Conference realignment saw 5 teams relegated from power conferences and 6 teams promoted
to power conferences. The promoted teams are all in the Big 12 and these are
TCU, BYU, Utah, Cincinnati, Houston, and UCF. The relegated teams were from the
Big East and are Connecticut, Temple, and South Florida.
In 2004, there were 6 power football conferences, one of which was the Big East.
The Big East had 12 schools, 9 of which defected to other power conferences. The 3 that didn't
were relegated and are now minnows. We went from the Power6 to the Power5.
The Pac 12 once had 12 teams. 10 left for other power conferences, leaving 2 behind. Relegation.
We're now down to the Power 4.
Texas Christian University achieved upward mobility by winning the Rose Bowl in
the 2010 season, and in 2012 they moved from the Mountain West to the Big 12. They made the
national championship bracket in 2022.
The Big Ten and SEC deserve their own tier. We could call them "superpowers".
The non-superpowers need to adjust. Some might declare independence. We might see an alliance of
independents, and independents might form their own version of a conference
championship. They could keep an open week on the schedule for
spontaneous games.
The Big Ten and the SEC don't need the NCAA. They could secede from the NCAA
and go pro. Other conferences will be forced to follow.
The playoffs generate $470 million and total TV revenue is $2250 million. The Pac 12 doesn't
yet have a long-term TV contract.
The ACC exit fee applies to teams that want to leave before 2036.
The revenue totaled over all sports and over all Power 5 schools, for 2022, is:
The bowl system needs reform. There will be teams from the Big Ten and SEC that have
losing records but are worthy of bowls. The problem can be solved by letting everyone
play bowls.
Traditionally, bowl games are between teams that are equally-matched in strength.
College football will adopt a 12-team bracket in 2026, and the first two rounds
will typically be mismatches. The college football postseason will look like the
college basketball postseason.
In the 12-team bracket, many teams will play multiple postseason games. Teams outside
the bracket might demand to do so as well.
To decide bowl matchups, there is rarely enough information from interconfence games to properly
compare conferences, suggesting that we need more than 1 round of bowls.
Notre Dame is often a vital benchmark for interconference strength. It would be nice to have more
independents.
The future may see future expansion of the playoffs. There will be fights between
conferences over playoff spots.
The plebe conferences, from strongest to weakest, are Pac12, AAC, MW, CUSA, MAC, Sun
They're geographiclly uncompact and they could be reorganized to be more compact.
There are 64 teams and the number of conference could be expanded to 8 to shrink the conferences
to 8 teams/conferences. For example,
The Mid-American conference is unchanged because it's already compact.
Some FCS conferences are highly uncompact, such as the Pioneer conference. The appendix
has a geographic realigment of the FCS. Pioneer Conference:
Texas has the most FBS teams and New York is weak.
In the 2020 covid season, during conference championship week, the Big Ten had
all teams play a game. The idea wasn't continued the next season.
In the 2020 season, the game between Liberty and Coastal
Carolina was canceled, and Liberty scheduled a game with BYU on 3 day's
notice.
The Big Ten has 18 teams and the SEC has 16, forcing them to adjust their
scheduling systems. Divisions will be scrapped, and the new systems will
favor local games and traditional rivalries.
Conference championship week could be more flexible. Sometimes it's strategic
to have a conference championship game and sometimes not. Sometimes the
conference championship is already decided before the championship game,
in which case it's strategic for the top teams to play teams from other
conferences. A pre-bowl game.
The Pac 12 is now the Pac 2. Washington State and Oregon State need to make a move.
An option is to go independent and dare more teams to follow. Another option
is to invite the best of the Mountain West, and this would consist of
San Jose State, San Diego State, UNLV, Utah State, Colorado State, Boise State, and Hawaii.
Another option is to join the Mountain West.
In college football, the regular season matters. The postseason consists of only one bowl game.
Home field advantage matters more for the NFL than for the NBA, hence the NFL regular season is more
important than the NBA regular season.
For any given sport, the fewer teams in the playoffs, the more important the regular season.
MLB has only 12 postseason teams.
The English Premier League has no postseason. The winner is decided purely by the regular season.
In the NFL, each regular season win tends to increase the playoff seed by 1.
The following table gives the average number of regular season wins for each seed,
using data from 2007-2016. The regular season has 16 games.
Home field advanage can be especially important for cold-weather teams like the Packers.
In the NBA, the regular season has little impact on the playoffs. For example,
suppose the Milwaukee Bucks are the best team and they win the conference and
gain the #1 seed. In the conference playoffs they can expect to face the 8th, 4th,
and 2nd seeds.
If the Bucks decide to slack and place 8th, they can expect to face the
1st, 2nd, and 3rd seeds in the playoffs. But since the Bucks are the best team,
the 1st seed is the 2nd best team, the 2nd seed is the 3rd best team, etc.
The following table gives the average number of games won by each seed, using
data from 2009-2016. The regular season has 82 games.
The difference between the 1st and 8th seeds is typically 20 games. That's a lot
of slack.
College football and college basketball dominate the pro minor leagues. For most other sports, pro minor
leagues dominate colleges.
The contenders for quarterback GOAT are Manning, Unitas, and Rodgers. Brady has
retired and may be eclipsed by Rodgers.
To quantify quarterbacks, we use Pro Bowls and playoff success.
Everyone with at least 10 Pro Bowl points is in the Hall of Fame.
Among quarterbacks that are active or recently retired, the ones guaranteed the
Hall are Brady, Rodgers, Brees, Roethlisberger, and Mahomes, and Wilson.
Rivers is on the bubble.
There are Hall of Famers with few Pro Bowl points but big postseason success, such as
Bradshaw and Aikman.
Kemp, Lamonica, and Clark should be in the Hall of Fame.
They have overwhelmingly enough points.
Roethlisberger will make the Hall because of postseason success.
Young quarterbacks have won MVPs in recent years, such as Mahones, Newton, and
Jackson. Many young playes make the Pro Bowl.
Ranker.com has a quarterback ranking, which reflects the public's feelings.
The public tends to favor playoff points over pro bowl points.
It has happened only once that a quarterback was MVP but not all-pro 1st team,
and the quarterback is Elway.
The MVP is a quarterback 2/3 of the time.
The NFL MVP award began in 1957, and the first Pro Bowl was 1951.
The NFC and AFC each designae
3 pro bowl quarterbacks. The NFL selects a quarterback as
all-pro 1st team, and another as 2nd team.
Rodgers outclasses Brady head-to-head. For the years in
which they both played the full season:
During this time, Rodgers has 4 MVPs and Brady has 1. Rodgers has 10 pro bowl
appearances and Brady has 8.
Manning outclasses Rodgers head-to-head, but by a small margin.
For the years in which they both played the full season:
Manning has 3 MVPs and Rodgers has 2. Manning has 6 Pro Bowls and Rodgers has
5.
Timeline:
The official world golf rankings are decided by the OWGR, a board with 7
members. The OWGR is a smoke-filled room whose methodology isn't public. The board
consists of:
Two board seats go to the largest tours, which are the PGA Tour and the PGA
European Tour. Another seat goes to the International Golf Federation, which
administers amateur golf plus a set of pro golf tours. Four seats go to the
owners of the Majors, which are The U.S. Open, The PGA Championship, The
Masters Tournament, and the British Open.
Each tour has a season prize money total and a season ranking points total.
The LIV is the second largest tour by money and gets no ranking points.
The PGA Tour bans players that play LIV. Nevertheless, many PGA Tour players joined
LIV. PGA Tour members are holding conferences to discuss the matter, and there will likely
be antitrust lawsuits.
The OWGR is generous to small tours.
The smaller the tour, the larger the ratio of points/money tends to be.
Many 2nd tier tours are funded by a 1st tier tour, such as the PGA Korn Ferry Tour.
The European Tour has a set of premier events called the "Rolex Series", namely
The Scottish Open, The BMW PGA Championship, The Abu Dhabi Golf Championship, and the
Dubai Desert Classic. Each has a purse of $8 million. The European Tour final event is the
DP World Tour Championship Dubai, with a purse of $10 million.
Season totals:
"PGA Tour" includes all tour events except the majors and The Tour Championship.
The Hall snubs steroid cheaters, including Bonds, Clemens, Rodriguez,
Sheffield, Ramirez, McGwire, Sosa, and Pettitte. Bonds, Clemens, and Rodriguez
have stats that are overwhelmingly good enough for the Hall.
Getting into the Hall requires 75% of the vote, and if you don't make it after
10 years of voting, you're removed from the ballot. The votes are:
"Year" is the number of years they've been on the ballot as of 2024.
Each elector gets 7 votes.
Bonds, Clemens, and Sosa are in their final year and they failed. They're out.
The other steroid cheaters are getting few votes and are on their way out.
McGwire is a steroid cheater who's 10 years of eligibility have expired, and
the highest vote percent he got was 24%.
Rafael Palmeiro was busted for steroids and only got 4.4% of Hall votes.
Carlos Beltran is a member of the Houston Astros team that cheated their
way to a World Series win by stealing signs.
Jim Devlin was a pitcher with an ERA of 1.90, but was banned from baseball
for colluding with gamblers.
Aaron Judge holds the single-season home run record if you exclude steroid cheats.
Big 10 ← Pac 12 ← Mountain West ← CUSA ← Sun Belt ← FCS
SEC ← Big 12 ← AAC ← CUSA ← Sun Belt ← FCS
AAC ← Big East
Metro Students Stadium State TV
thousands thousands thousands thousands mil/game
AAC San Antonio 2602 35 64 30503 .288 Alamodome
AAC Tulane 1271 14 81 4574 .480 Superdome
AAC Memphis 1338 22 58 7126 .336
Mountain West UNLV 2265 31 65 3194 .287
Mountain West San Jose St 22 .312
Conference Average 2024 2025 2026 2027 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
ACC 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 Always Stanford
Big 10 2.5 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 Always USC
AAC 1.5 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 Always Navy
SEC .5 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
MAC 1 2
Big 12 .5
Mtn West .5
Pacific 0 1
Sun Belt 0
South 0
Total 12 11 10 7 8 8 8 10 7 6 6 5 5 5
Games W L T
Navy AAC 95 81 13 1
USC B10 91 49 37 5
Purdue B10 85 57 26 2
Michigan St B10 77 47 29 1
Pittsburgh ACC 72 50 21 1
Army AAC 51 39 8 4
Michigan B10 43 17 25 1
Georgia T ACC 37 30 6 1
Stanford ACC 36 22 14
Air Force MW 30 24 6
Miami ACC 26 17 8 1
N Carolina ACC 23 21 2
Boston C ACC 20 17 3
Penn St B10 19 9 9 1
Nebraska B10 16 7 8 1
Florida St ACC 11 5 6
Clemson ACC 8 3 5
Teams States Stadium TV viewers TV revenue Conf revenue Exit fee TV contract
thou/team Mil/team/game M$/yr/team M$/yr/team M$/team end year
Notre Dame 1 1 81 3.46 67 22.1 120 2029
Big 10 18 12 72 2.02 21 60.5 0 2030
SEC 16 12 83 2.14 21 51 30 2034
ACC 17 9 57 1.01 12.5 43.3 120 2036
Big 12 16 10 55 1.27 12.5 46 50 2031
Pac 12 7 6 37 .68 34 0
AAC 14 50 .33 9 17
MW 8 44 .16 6
MAC 12 32 .072
CUSA 9 32 .099 3 1.75
Sun Belt 14 13 .085 5
Big East 0 7.5
Million $ %
TV 4227 42
Donors 2206 22
Tickets 1647 16.5
Other 1257 12.6
Bowls 621 6.2
Number of playoff teams Years
0 <1998
2 1998-2013 BCS era
4 2014-2023 Playoff era
12 2024-
Washington St Wash Hawaii Hawaii New Mex New Mex
Oregon St Oregon Fresno St Cal New Mex St New Mex
Boise St Idaho San Diego St Cal Texas St Texas
Utah St Utah San Jose St Cal Sam Houston Texas
Colorado St Col Nevada Nevada North Texas Texas
Air Force Col UNLV Nevada Rice Texas
Wyoming Wyoming UTEP Texas
UTSA Texas
Tulsa Oklahoma
Missouri St Missouri Madison Miss
W Kentucky Kentucky S Miss Miss
Memphis Tennessee Jacksonville St Alabama
M Tennessee Tennessee Troy Alabama Alabama
Ark St Arkansas S Alabama Alabama
Lousiana T Louisiana UAB Alabama
Louisiana Mon Louisiana Kennesaw St Georgia
Louisiana Laf Louisiana Georgia St Georgia
Tulane Louisiana Georgia S Georgia
Army New York Lib N North Carolina
Delaware Delaware UNC Charlotte North Carolina
Temple Penn E Carolina North Carolina
App St W Virginia Coast Carolina South Carolina
Marshall W Virginia FIU Florida
Old Dominion Virginia S Florida Florida
Navy Virginia Florida At Florida
San Diego California
Saint Thomas Minnesota
Drake Iowa
Butler Iowa
Valpariso Indiana
Dayton Ohio
Morehead St Kentucky
Marist New York
Davidson N Carolina
Presbyterian S Carolina
Stetson Florida
State Oligarchs Plebes
Texas 6 6
California 4 3
Florida 3 3
N Carolina 3 3
Indiana 3 1
Alabama 2 4
Georgia 2 3
Michigan 2 3
Miss 2 2
Illinois 2 1
Tennessee 2 2
Virginia 2 2
Utah 2 1
Penn 2 1
Ohio 1 7
Louisiana 1 4
W Virginia 1 2
New York 1 2
Playoff Total
teams teams
MLB 12 30
NFL 14 32
NHL 16 32
NBA 16 30
Seed Wins Privilege
1 13.3 Home field for the quarterfinal and semifinal. Wildcard bye
2 12.1 Home field for the quarterfinal. Wildcard bye
3 10.9 Home field for the wildcard game.
4 9.2 Home field for the wildcard game.
5 11.0
6 10.0
Seeds 1-4 go to division winners and seeds 5-6 go to the best records among the
remaining teams.
Rank of teams played in playoffs
If the Bucks play hard and place 1st in the conference: 2nd, 4th, and 8th
If the Bucks slack and place 8th in the conference: 2nd, 4rd, and 3rd
No matter what, the Bucks will face the 2nd and 4th ranked team. The only difference
between playing hard and slacking is that they have to play the 3rd ranked team
instead of the 8th ranked team.
Seed Wins
1 60.8
2 55.9
3 52.2
4 49.9
5 47.6
6 45.2
7 43.7
8 41.9
The Australian Football League has a bracket that's better than single-elimination.
It has big games early on, and high-seeded teams can take a loss without being eliminated.
Rodgers Brady
2009 Pro Bowl Pro Bowl
2010 - MVP
2011 MVP Pro Bowl
2012 All-Pro #1 Pro Bowl
2014 MVP Pro Bowl
2015 Pro Bowl Pro Bowl
2016 Pro Bowl All-Pro #2
2018 Pro Bowl -
2019 Pro Bowl -
2020 MVP -
2021 MVP All-Pro #2
Rodgers Manning
2008 - MVP
2009 Pro Bowl MVP
2010 - Pro Bowl
2011 MVP -
2012 Pro Bowl #2 Pro Bowl #1
2013 - MVP
2014 MVP Pro Bowl
2015 Pro Bowl -
1920 NFL begins
1939-1942 All-Star games
1951 First Pro Bowl
1960 AFL begins
1966 First Super Bowl, between the NFL and the AFL
1969 AFL final season
1970 First season with the NFC-AFC format
1983-1985 United States Football League
1994 NFL salary cap starts
2024 First season of the United Football League
Board member Tournaments
The PGA Tour The Tour Championship, The Player's Championship
The PGA European Tour
International Golf Federation
The US Golf Association U.S. Open
The PGA of America PGA Championship
Augusta National Masters
R&A Golf Club of St. Andrews British Open
Money Points Points/Money
M$ Points/M$
PGA Tour 428 1786 4.2
LIV 225 0 0
PGA European Tour 119 886 7.4
Asian Tour 25 211 8.4
Japan Golf Tour 21 249 11.9
PGA Korn Ferry 20 364 18.2 USA
Korean Tour 14.6 145 9.9
Euro Challenge Tour 7.2 290 40.3
PGA Austalasia 4.4 2.1 .5
PGA Tour China 2.7 78 28.9
Pro Golf Tour India 2.3 50 21.7
PGA Latinoamerica 2.10 72 34.3
PGA Tour Canada 1.53 56 36.6
Japan Challenge Tour 1.53 50 32.7
Asian Development 1.5 60 40.0
Sunshine 1.42 71 50.0 Africa
U.S. Open 17.5 100 5.7 Major
Masters 15 100 6.7 Major
PGA Championship 15 100 6.7 Major
The Open Champ 14 100 7.1 Major. British Open
Player's Champ 20 80 4.0
The Tour Champ - 39 - Final PGA tournament
World Golf Champ 12 74 6.2
2022 2023 2024 Year Steroids Homers ERA
% % %
Adrian Beltre - - 95 1 477 Inducted into the Hall 1st year
Joe Mauer - - 76 1 143 Inducted into the Hall 1st year
David Ortiz 78 - - - 541 Inducted into the Hall 1st year
Todd Helton 52 72 80 6 369 Inducted into the Hall 6th year
Scott Rolen 63 76 - - 316 Inducted into the Hall 6th year
Billy Wagner 51 68 74 9 2.31
Gary Sheffield 41 55 64 10 * 509
Andruw Jones 41 58 62 7 434
Carlos Beltran - 46 57 2 Cheated at the World Series by stealing signs
Alex Rodriguez 34 36 35 3 * 696
Manny Ramirez 29 33 32 8 * 555
Chase Utley - - 29 1 259
Omar Vizquel 24 20 18 7 80
Jimmy Rollins 9 13 15 3 231
Bobby Abreu 9 15 15 5 288
Andy Pettitte 11 17 14 6 * 3.85
Mark Buehrle 6 11 8 4 3.81
Franc. Rodriguez - 11 8 2
Torii Hunter 5 7 7 4
David Wright - - 6 1
Barry Bonds 66 - - Out * 762
Roger Clemens 65 - - Out * 3.12
Curt Schilling 59 - - Out 3.46
Jeff Kent 33 46 - Out 377
Sammy Sosa 18 - - Out * 609
Homers Steroids In Hall of Fame
Barry Bonds 762 *
Hank Aaron 755 *
Babe Ruth 714 *
Albert Pujols 703 Retired in 2022
Alex Rodriguez 696 *
Willie Mays 660 *
Ken Griffey Jr. 630 *
Jim Thome 612 *
Sammy Sosa 609 *
Frank Robinon 586 *
Mark McGwire 583 *
Harmon Killebrew 573 *
Rafael Palmeiro 569 *
Reggie Jackson 563 *
Manny Ramirez 555 *
Mike Schmidt 548 *
...
Gary Sheffield 509 *
Miguel Cabrera 507 Active
Nelson Cruz 459 Active
Aaron Judge 220 Active
Homers Year Steroids
Barry Bonds 73 2001 *
Mark McGwire 70 1998 *
Sammy Sosa 68 1998 *
Aaron Judge 62 2022
Roger Maris 61 1961
Babe Ruth 60 1927
Babe Ruth 59 1921
Giancarlo Stanton 59 2017
Jimmy Foxx 58 1932
Hank Greenberg 58 1938
Ryan Howard 58 2006
Mark McGwire 58 1997 *
Luis Gonzalez 57 2001
Alex Rodriguez 57 2002 *
Current candidates with a chance at the Hall include Scott Rolen, Todd Helton, Billy Wagner, and Andruw Jones.
Recently retired players with a strong chance at the Hall include:
2023 Carlos Beltran (435 homers) 2024 Adrian Beltre 2024 Joe Mauer 2024 Chase Utley 2025 Ichiro Suzuki 2027 Albert Pujols (703 homers)
Miguel Cabrera (507 home runs) is active and has a strong chance at the Hall.
Many home runs were due to steroids. All retired players with at least 493 home runs made the Hall of Fame, except for steroid cheats.
Ranker.com rankings of active players:
1 Mike Trout (346 homers) 2 Mookie Betts 3 Ronald Acuna Jr. 4 Freddy Freeman 5 Jacob deGrom 6 Aaron Judge 7 Christian Yelich 8 Shohei Ohtani 9 Nolan Arenado 10 Cody Bellinger
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The NFL gets revenue from TV and merchandise and shares it equally between teams. League revenue is $344 million/year, 52% of which goes to players and the rest goes to owners. Teams also make their own revenue from tickets and other sources that averages $190 million per team, much less than league revenue.
Teams have widely varying team revenue. Many make more than 300 million/year and many make less than 150 million/year. Owning an NFL team is a secure investment. You could have weak ticket sales and still make money from league revenue, and the league is paying the players. The NFL is a good club to be in.
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Many states don't have an NFL team but lean toward a nearby NFL team. For the Patriots' state population, we include Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. For the Panthers, we include North and South Carolina. For the Chiefs, we include Kansas and Missouri. For the Broncos, we include Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho.
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The United Football League has teams where there is no NFL team, at San Antonio, Saint Louis, Memphis, and Birmingham.
The most obvious place for a new team is San Antonio, because it's a big market, because Dallas and Houstion have big team earmings, and because Texas is the 2nd-most populous state. The states with 3 teams are California, Florida, and New York.
Oklahoma City and Salt Lake City are good places for a new team. Both have NBA teams.
San Diego and Saint Louis once had NFL teams but lost them. Portland and Sacramento are in poor economic shape. Orlando and Columbus don't deserve a team because there are nearby NFL teams and the nearby teams have weak revenue. Birmingham hosted all USFL games but the city lost money and the league had weak revenue. The XFL teams in markets without an NFL team are San Antonio, Saint Louis, and Portland.
In Canada, the big markets are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
The places that deserve a new team are San Antonio, Oklahoma City, Salt Lake City, Toronto, Montreal, Europe, and Asia. A weak team could move to a better market. A team could also play in multiple cities, bringing games to small markets.
The Bills could change its name to the Great Lakes Bills and play most of its games in Toronto, while keeping a subset of games at Buffalo.
The name "Carolina" is diplomatic because it doesn't specify a city, and because it encompases both North and South Carolina. The stadium is on the border of the 2 states.
The name "Tennessee" is diplomatic. The team is at the center of the state and it's near the north border with Kentucky. The team could have been called the Appalachia Titans, and could potentially play games in Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, Arkansas, and West Virginia.
The big college stadiums that are far from an NFL team are Oklahoma, Oklahoma State, Nebraska, Iowa, Iowa State, West Virginia, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Oregon. There are no big stadiums in Montana or its surrounding states. The big stadiums in Canada are in Montreal, Edmonton, and Vancouver. Toronto's stadium is small.
NFL teams are worth on average $4.5 billion and the Cowboys are worth $7.6 billion. Entering a new team in the NFL would likely cost at least $6 billion.
NFL Europe ran from 1995-2007. In the final season there were 5 teams were in Germany and 1 in Amsterdam. The German teams were Frankfurt, Rhein, Berlin, Cologne, and Hamburg. There were once teams in London, Scotland, and Barcelona, but they were replaced by German teams.
Many nations can support an NFL team, such as Canada, Mexico, England, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and India. These nations have lots of large stadiums. The NFL has played 33 games in London, 5 in Mexico City, and 1 in Germany.
America has a pro rugby league 12 teams and an ESPN contract, and this is an opportunity for markets without an NFL team. At present, all pro rugby teams are in big markets. It costs 4 million dollars to enter a team into Major League Rugby. Most American colleges have a rugby team.
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Green Bay is a small town and the Packers have big team revenue.
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NFL, NBA, and MLB teams tend to be in the same places. The markets with an NBA team and no NFL team are Oklahoma, Sacramento, Portland, Salt Lake City, and Toronto. The markets with an NFL team and no NBA team are Las Vegas, Seattle, Kansas City, Tampa Bay, and Buffalo. We consider Jacksonville and Orlando to be the same market, and we consider Green Bay and Milwaukee to be the same market.
The large markets that don't have an NFL, NBA, MLB, or NHL team are Virginia and Montreal.
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NHL and MLS teams are often in different places from NFL teams.
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Baseball AAA teams exist in places without major league teams.
The biggest stadiums are:
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Teams have an average attendance of 570,000 people/year, the average ticket price is $107, and the average team ticket revenue is $61 million.
In 2022, the Packers got $344 million of league revenue and $235 million of team revenue, totaling $579 million. Expenses were $501 million and profit was $78 million. League TV revenue is $312 million and local TV and radio revenue is $92 million. The Packers' team revenue is:
% Million $
Local TV & radio 39 92
Tickets 20 47
Merchandise 16 38
Property 15 35
Concessions 6 14
Luxury boxes 5 12
The Packers' team expenses are:
%
Players 61
Administration 14
Team expenses 12
Marketing 10
Game expenses 3
Revenue:
Million $
NFL 17000
American college football 4000
Canadian Football League 180
USFL 50
Fan Controlled Football 20
XFL 14
Arena Football League 13
The playoffs are 10% of TV viewership. For 2022,
Viewers/Game Total viewers
millions millions
Super Bowl 112 112
Conference round 50 100
Divisional round 36 144
Wildcard round 29 174
Regular season 16.7 4540
A team needs a city and a stadium. For states without an NFL team, the candidates are:
City Metro pop State pop Stadium Stadium site
Mil Mil capacity
Oklahoma Oklahoma C 2.8 3.9 86112 Oklahoma U
Utah Provo 2.7 3.4 63470 Brigham Young U
Iowa Iowa City .28 3.2 70586 Iowa U
Iowa Ames .89 3.2 61500 Iowa State U
Nebraska Lincoln .26 2.0 86047 Nebraska U
W Virginia Morgantown .11 1.8 60000 West Virginia U
The NFL could open up to interleague play by eliminating the salary cap.
Buying into a league costs money.
League Revenue Buy-in Average Attendance New team Year Teams Teams outside Candidates
B$/year M$ pay (M$) average USA
Football NFL 19 ~4000 2.7 67000 ? Future 32 0 No near-term candidates
Baseball MLB 11 ~2000 4.2 27000 ? Future 30 1 Vegas
Basketball NBA 10.3 ~2000 7.7 18000 ? Future 30 1 Vegas, Seattle, Vancouver
Hockey NHL 5.3 650 3.2 18000 Seattle Kraken 2018 32 7 Houston, Kansas City, Quebec C, Toronto
Soccer MLS 1.6 325 .051 21000 San Diego 2025 30 3 Vegas
Rugby MLR ~.4 4 .04 2200 Miami Sharks 2024 13 1 No near-term candidates
Football NCAA 4.0
Football UFL .04 8 0
Football USFL .050 .053 8 0
Football FCF .020 8 0
Football XFL .014 .05 8 0
Football Arena .013 16 0
Basketball WNBA .54 50 .12 5700 ? Future 12 0 No near-term candidates
Soccer NWSL ? 50 .038 7900 Utah Royals 2024 14 0 Cinn, Austin, Columbus, Nashville
Hockey PWHL ? ? .015 Montreal Force 2022 7 2
Soccer England 1 6.6 400 38000 20 20 Promotion/relegation system
Baseball Japan 1 1.18 31000 12 12
Cricket India 1 1.18 30000 12 12
Rugby Australia 1 .96 33000 18 18
Rugby England 1 .25 14500 11 11
Football Canada 1 .18 23000 9 9
Las Vegas and Seattle just built NHL stadiums, which can also be basketball stadiums. A hockey sideline is 5.5 meters farther out than a basketball sideline. They just established NHL teams and they're looking to establish NBA teams
NFL teams range in value from 3 to 8 billion dollars. English Premiere League soccer teams are worth between .5 and 5 billion dollars.
Moves and exits:
Old team New team Year
Football NFL Oakland Raiders Las Vegas 2020
SD Chargers LA Chargers 2017
St. Louis Rams LA 2016
Houston Texans Tennessee Titans 1997
LA Raiders Oakland 1995
LA Rams St Louis 1995
St Louis Cardinal Arizona 1988
Baltimore Colts Indianapolis 1984
Oakland Raiders LA 1982
Basketball NBA New Jersey Brooklyn 2012
Seattle Oklahoma City 2008
Charlotte New Orleans 2002
Vancouver Memphis 2001
Soccer Women's Utah Kansas City 2020
Boston Breakers Exit 2017
Kansas City Utah 2016
W New York Flash North Carolina 2016
Rugby MLR Austin Exit 2023
Los Angeles Exit 2023
Colorado Exit 2020
Basketball Women's San Antonio Las Vegas 2018
Tulsa Dallas 2016
Detroit Tulsa 2010
Sacramento Exit 2009
Houston Exit 2008
Charlotte Exit 2006
Utah San Antonio 2003
Orlando Connecticut 2003
Cleveland Exit 2003
Miami Exit 2002
Portland Exit 2002
Regions with lots of teams:
Football Basketball Baseball Hockey Soccer Rugby Soccer Basketball
Women's Women's
New York City 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1
Los Angeles 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
San Francisco 1 1 2 1 1 1
Chicago 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Philadelphia 1 1 1 1 1
DC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Boston 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dallas 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Minneapolis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Miami 1 1 1 1 1 1
Denver 1 1 1 1 1
Phoenix 1 1 1 1 1
Milwaukee 1 1 1 Packers included
Houston 1 1 1 * 1 1 1
Atlanta 1 1 1 1 1 1
Detroit 1 1 1 1
North Carolina 1 1 1 1
Tennessee 1 1 1 1
Seattle 1 * 1 1 1 1 1 1
Tampa Bay 1 1 1
Indianapolis 1 1 1
New Orleans 1 1 1
Kansas City 1 1 * 1 1
Baltimore 1 1
Las Vegas 1 * 1 1 * 1 Will likely add teams
Saint Louis 1 1 *
Toronto 1 1 1 1 1
Salt Lake City 1 1 1 1
Oklahoma City 1
San Antonio 1 * 1
Portland 1 1 1
San Diego 1 1 1
Montreal 1
Football Basketball Baseball Hockey Soccer Rugby Soccer Basketball
Women's Women's
A "*" indicates that an expansion team is under consideration.
The table shows the contributons for stadium constructon.
Team Public Private Total Year
M$ M$ M$ M$
Buffalo Bills Buffalo 350 850 200 1400 Future NFL
Tennessee Titans Nashville 840 500 760 2100 Future NFL
Las Vegas Raiders Las Vegas 1100 750 0 1850 2020 NFL + college football + Las Vegas Bowl
Los Angeles Rams Los Angeles 5500 2020 NFL + LA Bowl
Las Vegas Knights Las Vegas 56 0 319 375 2017 NHL
Atlanta Falcons Atlanta 1500 2014 NFL + Peach Bowl + SEC conf champ game
Minnesota Vikings Minneapolis 1100 2013 NFL
San Francisco 49 San Francisco 1300 2012 NFL + San Francisco Bowl
New York Giants E. Rutherford 1700 2010 NFL + XFL
Dallas Cowboys Dallas 1480 2009 NFL + Cotton Bowl
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Golf rank Golf rank Golf Golf Athlete rank
Golf Digest Bleacher Report handicap rounds/year Golf Digest
Trump 1 1 2.8 91 Winner of 19 club championships. Owns 17 golf courses
Kennedy 2 3 8 4 Harvard golf team
Eisenhower 3 2 13 100 5 Installed a green on the White House lawn
Ford 4 7 1 Michigan football team, in the year that Michigan won the national championship
Roosevelt T 5 2
Bush 41 6 10 3
Bush 43 7 6 11 3 8 Hits 18 holes 2 hours. Doesn't take practice swings
Clinton 8 4
Obama 9 5 13 42 7
Reagan 10 6
Harding 11
Taft 12
Wilson 13
Nixon 14 Shot a 79
Johnson 15
Coolidge 16 Left behind his clubs upon departing the White House
Wilson 25 250 10 Played in the winter and painted his balls black
Biden 10
Pence 15
Lincoln 9
Jack Nicklaus: "Trump loves the game of golf more than he loves money"
Modern organized sports give us quantitative information about athletic prowess. Ranking presidents from before the age of organized sports is difficult and we fall back on anecdotes.
Tier 1 Ford
Tier 2 Washington Grant Eisenhower Trump
Tier 3 Lincoln Teddy Kennedy Carter Reagan Bush 41 Bush 43 RFK Jr
Tier 4 Jackson Taylor Harrison McKinley Taft Wilson Truman Nixon Biden
Tier 5 Everyone else
Tier 6 Cleveland FDR
Washington Mighty horseman. Big and strong. Wrestler.
Could crush a walnut with his thumb and index finger.
Army General of the Armies
Fought many battles and had many horses shot out from under him.
His coat and hat are full of bullet holes.
Has more horse miles than most modern Americans have air miles.
Jefferson Virginia Militia Colonel
Madison Virginia Militia Colonel
Monroe Virginia Militia Colonel
Jackson Army Major General
Taylor Army Major General
Tyler Army Colonel
Polk Tennessee Captain
Harrison Army Major General
Fillmore New York Militia Major
Pierce Army Brigadier General
Buchanan Army Private
Lincoln County wrestling champion. Defeated many renowned wrestlers.
Master of the axe. Army Captain
Johnson A Brigadier General
Grant Best horse rider and horse trainer in America, in an era where horsemanship mattered.
Army General of the Armies
Hayes Army Major General
Garfield Army Major General
Arthur New York Militia Brigadier General
Harrison Army Brigadier General
Cleveland Renowned as a bad athlete
McKinley Army Captain
Roosevelt, T Played all sports, including boxing and wrestling. Army Colonel
Climbed the Matterhorn
Taft Yale heavyweight intramural wrestling champion
Wilson Davidson U baseball starter. Princeton rugby coach. Played more golf rounds
than any president.
FDR Undistinguished as a student or athlete. Harvard cheerleader
Truman Army Colonel
Eisenhower U.S. Military Academy starting halfback. Gymnast, boxer, fencer, horseman.
Football coach for Peacock Military Academy and St. Mary's University.
Army General of the Army. Golf handicap 13. Installed a golf green at the White House
Kennedy Harvard golf starter and swimming starter. Football JV. Golf handicap 8.
Harvard sailing starter. Won the Eastern Collegiate Championship. Navy Lieutenant
Johnson L Navy Commander
Nixon Whittier football and basketball team. Navy Commander. Bowler
Kennedy, R No record of sports
Ford Michigan U football starting center and linebacker.
Team MVP. College all-star. The Michigan team won the national championship.
Yale football and boxing coach. Navy Lieutenant Commander
Carter Naval academy sprint football starter, baseball starter, and cross country starter.
High school basketball starter. Navy Lieutenant
Reagan Eureka College football starter and swim starter. Great physique.
Sports broadcaster. Portrayed The Gipper in "Knute Rockne".
Honored with a gold medal at the International Swimming Hall of Fame.
Army Captain
Bush 41 High school football captain and baseball captain. Yale baseball captain.
Played in the college baseball world series. Golf handicap 10. Navy Lieutenant
Bush 43 Yale rugby starter. High school baseball starter. Golf handicap 10.
Ran a marathon in 3:44:52. Air National Guard First Lieutenant
Owned the Texas Rangers
Obama Little athletic background. Pickup basketball player but was not on any varsity team.
Trump Golf handicap 3. High school football starter, soccer starter, and baseball starter.
Member of the WWE Hall of Fame. Owned the New Jersey Generals football team.
Owns 19 golf courses. Gets cheers when attending sports events.
People make glorious memes depicting Trump as a badass.
Biden High school football starter and baseball starter. Golf handicap 10
RFK Jr Mighty physique, and he still has it as an elder. Falconer
The mainstream media likes to tout Obama as a great athlete, and that he played basketball at Occidental college. There is no record of him being associated with the Occidental basketball team. It's a myth. Obama's jump shot is poor. He can't bend his knees and he can't maneuver. He doesn't jump, and his release point is sadly low, at the level of his head. When Obama threw out the first pitch at a baseball game, it was a weak pitch and it was way out of the strike zone.
Presidents that installed sports at the White House:
Teddy Tennis Truman Bowling, horseshoes Eisenhower Golf green Ford Pool Obama Basketball
A president's fitness on the last day of office matters. Jay's ranks:
Age on Years alive
last day after presidency
Ford 63 29 Michigan football center & linebacker. Team MVP. College all-star
Grant 54 8 Best Horseman in America
Washington 65 2 Mighty horseman. Big and strong. Wrestler
Teddy 50 9 Boxed and wrestled while prez
Lincoln 56 0 Master wrestler and lumberjack
Kennedy 46 0 Harvard starter golf & swimming. Football JV. Golf handi 8
Carter 56 >42 Naval acad starter football, baseball, x country
RFK Sr 47 ?
Eisenhower 70 8 Army acad starting halfback. All sports
RFK Jr 74 ? Fit at old age
Bush 43 62 >14 Yale rugby starter. HS baseball starter. Golf handicap 10
Trump 82 ? Golf handicap of 3. Still a badass golfer
Jackson 69 8
Bush 41 68 25 Yale baseball captain. HS football captain
Garfield 49 0
Taft 55 17
Clinton 54 >22
Polk 53 0
Nixon 61 19 Enthusiastically participates at football practice
Obama 55 >6 No record of being on a sports team
Reagan 77 15 Eureka College starter football & swim
Adams, JQ 61 18
Adams, J 65 25
Cleveland 59 4 Left his golf clubs behind upon leaving White House
Wilson 64 2 Stroke
Hillary 73 >3 Infirm
Biden 86 - Demented and infirm
FDR 63 0 Died of old age while in office
We consider hypothetical presidents such as RFK Sr, RFK Jr, and Hillary Clinton.
FDR died of old age while in office. That's why he's ranked last. For Trump, age 82 is for if he wins a second term.
General of the Army Washington Grant Eisenhower Major General Jackson Harrison W Taylor Hayes Garfield Brigadier General Arthur Pierce Johnson A Harrison B Colonel Jefferson Madison Monroe Polk Teddy Truman Commander Johnson L Nixon Major Fillmore Lieutenant Commander Ford Captain Tyler Lincoln McKinley Reagan Lieutenant Kennedy Carter Bush 41 First Lieutenant Bush 43 Private Buchanan
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Golf Digest ranked the best 150 golfers in DC.
Handicap Rank
Tony Russo -3.1 1
Rob Ellsworth -1.8 2
David Perdue -.6 3 Senate R
Trey Gowdy 1.0 7 House R
Donald Trump 2.8 12 President R
Roger Williams 4.9 23 House R
Bob Corker 5.2 26 Senate R
Mick Mulvaney 8.0 42 House R
Jim Renacci 9.6 63 House R
Joe Biden 10 68 VP D
Rick Allen 10 68 House R
Dean Heller 10 68 Senate R
Tom Rooney 10 68 House R
Albio Sires 10.2 77 House D
Ron Johnson 10.6 88 Senate R
Richard Burr 11.3 86 Senate R
Pete Aguilar 12 92 House D
Xavier Becerra 12 92 House D
Chris Collins 12 92 House R
Jeff Duncan 12 92 House R
John Hoeven 12 92 Senate R
Duncan Hunter 12 92 House R
Ron Kind 12 92 House D
Brad Ashford 12.3 102 House D
Pat Meehan 12.3 102 House R
Dan Kildee 12.8 107 House D
Phil Roe 12.8 107 House R
Ander Crenshaw 12.9 111 House R
Barack Obama 13 113 President D
Lindsey Graham 13 113 Senate R
Mike Pence 15 127 VP R
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The ball is too loud. Design a quieter ball.
Give tennis courts lines for pickleball, and make nets adjustible to handle both tennis and pickleball.
Delete the offsides rule. It requires extra policing.
Add territory behind the goal, like hockey.
Decrease the number of players or increase the number of balls. u
Increase goal width. Don't increase height. Goal height is already appropriate for a goalie of averge height.
Tennis scoring has the virtue that you can make a comeback even if way behind. On the other hand, you don't know how many sets a match will have. Other sports could adopt a scoring system analogous to tennis, which eliminates trash time. For example, a football game could be played with 5 periods, with 1 point for winning a period and half a point for tying. Play overtime if necessary.
If a game ends after less than 5 periods, play the JV for the last periods, or shift TV coverage to a new game.
Make the goal substantially wider and taller.
Make the goalie wear a standard jersey. Not oversized. Make the pads minimum width. Use a standard stick.
Make the puck rounded at the edges so that it's easier to lift.
Have a period that's 5 on 5.
Eliminate the kick. It's too powerful.
Eliminate the lineout. If the ball goes out of bounds, treat it like a soccer throw-in, and require that the pass be backward.
Eliminate the scrum.
Have a version of the game with 11 players.
If possible, have more than 1 referee.
Delete rucks. If you get the ball to the ground, you get a clean restart.
You get a maximum of 8 downs before the ball turns over.
Have an overhead drone to call forward passes and knocks.
The goalpost legs are at the 0 yard line. Move them back and out of the end zone, like football goalposts.
Ping pong is perfect. It fits indoors. You can be skilled even if not athletic.
Widen fairways to reward heavy hitters.
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A dart board should be like archery, with concetric scoring.
Make the dart board an oval, more tall than wide, to because vertical accuracy is less than horizontal accuracy.
An archery target has rings that are all the same width. Rings should widen as they go out. For example:
N Points Ring outer
radius
1 8 1
2 7 1.5
3 6 2
4 5 3
5 4 4
6 3 6
7 2 8
8 1 12
You could further make ring radii exponential, where "1.5" is replaced by "sqrt(2)". "3" is replaced by "2*sqrt(2)", etc.
Ring radius = 2(N-1)/2 Ring area = π 2N-2 except for the ring "N=1", which has an area of pi
It may be desirable to make the inner ring smaller, to preserve the progression of ring areas. Perhaps make the inner ring radius "3/4".
If the projectile radius is a substantial fraction of ring width, it maybe desirable to move ring radii inward.
Eliminate the catch rule. Be able to wantonly hurl balls at people without worry.
Use foam balls, like Nerf balls.
Use points. If you score a hit, it's a point. Don't remove the hit player. Keep the game sporting.
Foosball is loud. Confine it to loud places or design a quieter ball.
Delete the kickoff. It's dangerous.
Wrestling has weight classes. Basketball should have height classes. For example, specify 5 height classes, and there must be a player on the court that satifies each class. Or, specify an overall height, and the combined height of players on the court must be less than the overall height.
Delete the 3 point rule.
Delete the paint rule.
Delete free throws. They're boring. If there's a foul, give 2 points.
The sports industry has inertia that protects existing sports and inhibits new sports. Most sports have awkward rules and better sports are possible. The most glaring need is for a better tackle sport, because the rules for football and rugby are awkward.
Rules should be simple and elegant. Good examples include soccer, hockey, and tennis, and bad examples include football, rugby, baseball, and basketball.
Football has the negative that it requires many coaches.
A sport should accomodate a diversity of body types. Rugby has roles for everyone, regardless of size. Basketball overemphasizes height.
A sport should minimize equipment. Football and hockey require excessive equipment, whereas soccer requires only a ball.
For football, the XFL courageously experiments with the rules.
Rugby and soccer have too many players. Either the number of players can be reduced or the number of balls can be increased.
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In the plot, points are normalized so that the rank #1 team gets 1 point. The un-normalized point systems are:
Rank World F-1 Indy NASCAR Tennis Golf Bowling Tour de Science
Cup ski ATP PGA PBA France Olympiad
1 100 25 50 10 2000 600 7500 50 60
2 80 18 40 9 1200 330 4500 30 59
3 60 15 35 8 720 210 3450 20 58
4 50 12 32 7 720 150 2850 18 57
5 45 10 30 6 360 120 2550 16 56
6 40 8 28 5 360 110 14 55
7 36 6 26 4 360 100 12 54
8 32 4 24 3 360 94 10 53
9 29 2 22 2 180 88 8 52
10 26 1 20 1 180 82 7 51
11 24 1 19 180 77 6 50
12 22 18 180 72 5 49
13 20 17 180 68 4 48
14 18 16 180 64 3 47
15 16 15 180 61 2 46
16 15 14 180 59 45
32 2 5 90 28 29
64 45 4.76
128 10
For the Tour de France, points are awarded for each stage, and at the end of the tour, the points winner is honored as the sprint champion.
The NASCAR and Science Olympiad functions are goofy because they give too little emphasis to top finishers. The tennis and golf functions give too much emphasis to top finishers.
The Science Olympiad function is for 2001 and after. Before 2001, the Science Olympiad used NASCAR scoring.
Ideally, the score function should have a linear shape in a plot where the X axis is logarithmic. Sports with a sensible scoring function include Formula-1, Indy racing, and World Cup skiing.
Suppose there are 64 players. A point function that gives a linear shape in the plot is:
Rank Points 1 6 2 5 4 4 8 3 16 2 32 1 64 0
In a single-elimination tournament with 64 players, points corresponds to the number of games won.
This can be expressed as
Points = -log2(Rank/64)
Tennis and golf give big money to players outside the top 128.
Numbers are season winnings for 2021 season, in k$.
A hypothetical golfer that makes par on every hole would be 183rd in the money rankings.
Rank Golf Tennis Bowling Golf Golf Tennis Tennis Tennis Tennis Ski Tour Bowl Pong Pickle Pool
PGA ATP PBA US PGA US Wimble- French Aussie de US World US US
total total total Open Champ Open don Open Open total France Open Champ Open Open
1 11215 9069 497 4300 3300 3600 2700 2400 3150 810 624 100 45 5.5 50
2 7167 7466 370 2322 1998 1800 1400 1200 1725 366 251 50 35 2.75 25
3 1430 1258 317 169 25 1.25 13
4 5821 3504 188 1030 888 1000 715 650 990 288 84 15 26 .75 13
5 844 740 220 80 10 .25 6.75
6 748 661 75 8 .25 6.75
7 618 66 6.6 .25 6.75
8 4878 2231 600 578 530 375 415 600 57 6 18 .25 6.75
9 35 5.4
10 502 33 5.15
12 433 4.65
16 3909 1618 299 317 325 226 250 375 3.65 12 4.5
24 170 2.4
32 2596 1031 111 97 215 143 158 255 1.5 3
48 47
64 1491 669 41 27 140 93 110 180 1.75
74 39
78 22
96 967 492
128 738 4 100 60 73 120 1 1
160 468
192 211
208 157
224 75
240 17
256 7 53 40 41 65
512 38 25 28 44
1024 25 15 20 31
Total 371260 170000 18500 86500 297
Average 1485
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International rugby is well structured. Some of its strengths are:
Within conferences, teams are well balanced in terms of strength.
Conferences make sense geographically.
Each conference completes a single or double round robin each year. Conference results carry weight because the World Cup occurs only once every 4 years.
There are abundant interconference matches, both between top-tier teams and between top-tier and lesser teams.
Conferences are flexible and there exists upward mobility. For example Argentina established itself by making the World Cup semifinal in 2007 and was invited to join the Tri Nations in 2011, since known as The Rugby Championship.
Teams can take temporary leave of absence from conferences.
Teams can play in multiple ocnferences. For example the USA, Canada, and Japan often compete in the Pacific Nations Cup.
Teams can schedule games with whoever they want, and there is no limit to the number of times two two teams can play per year.
There are several national #2 teams, such as New Zealand #2 and Argentia #2.
There are subregional conferences such as "Europe 6 Nations B" and "Asian Division 1".
There exist teams independent of nations, such as The Barbarians and The British & Irish Lions.
Each team plays around 12 games per year and these games are chosen wisely. Matches are almost always compelling because both conference and interconference results carry weight.
Matchups between top teams occur frequently enough that a world champion can be meaningfully defined using results from the previous 2 years.
Championships
Oklahoma State 34
Iowa 24
Penn State 9
Iowa State 8
Oklahoma 7
Minnesota 3
Ohio State 1
Arizona State 1
Michigan State 1
Northern Iowa 1
Cornell College 1
Indiana 1
Big Twelve 49
Big Ten 39
Other 3
Few schools outside of the Midwest have won championships.
Men's hockey:
Varsity Club Championship teams:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_Cup_Championship
Numbers are for 2001-2017. All teams with at least one placement in the top 3 are
included.
FCS conferences can realign to be geographically compact and to have fewer teams. For example,
The California conference could add California schools from outside Division 1, and
schools exist with lots of students, such as
The FCS California schools could secede from their conferences and form a California conference,
and invite teams from outside Division 1.
A stadium can be suspended, and the luxury boxes can be close to the field.
The largest stadiums have 1 deck. The Michigan stadium is mostly below ground
level. One could make a large cheap 1-deck stadium by digging a hole and
pouring concrete.
The highest a football pass can go is 24 meters. You want as
many seats as possible to see the top of
the pass, and these are "highball seats". You also want seats that go further back and can see the
opposite sideline. The "lowball seats".
You want abundant lounge space so you can be at the stadium all
day and be comfortable. The stadium should have a commercial district.
You can have tickets that give access to the stadium but don't have
a stadium seat. You can watch the game in a lounge on a
jumbotron and be a part of the stadium crowd. Many lounge seats have
partial visibiity of the field.
Suspending a stadium deck is easy. The Golden Gate Bridge span is
1280 meters and a stadium span is 200 meters.
A hockey and basketball stadium can be combined. The hockey sideline is 5.5 meters out from the
basketball sideline. In basketball mode, seats can be added. The basketball court is lower than
the hockey ice.
It's not easy to combine a football stadium with a soccer or rugby stadium. Compared to a football
sideline, a soccer sideline is 9.5 meters further out and a rugby sideline is 10.5 meters further out.
Field width is more important for rugby than for soccer, so a football stadium can work for soccer by
using a narrow field, but it can't support rugby.
Championships Frozen Four
Michigan 9 24
North Dakota 7 21
Denver 7 14
Wisconsin 6 12
Boston College 5 24
Boston University 5 22
Minnesota 5 21
Lake Superior State 3 4
Michigan State 3 11
Michigan Tech 3 10
Cornell 2 8
Maine 2 11
Colorado College 2 10
RPI 2 5
Minnesota-Duluth 1 4
Harvard 1 12
Providence 1 4
Bowling Green 1
Northern Michigan 1
Union 1
Yale 1
St Lawrence 9
Clarkson 7
New Hampshire 7
Dartmouth 4
Women's hockey:
Championships Final
Minnesota-Duluth 5 6
Minnesota 5 7
Wisconsin 4 6
Clarkson 1 1
Harvard 4
Arizona State Air Force Arkansas State BYU California
Cent. Washington Clemson Dartmouth Navy Notre Dame
Oklahoma Texas UCLA UTAH
Division 1-A Rugby:
East: Army, Delaware, Kutztown, Penn State, Wheeling Jesuit
St. Bonaventure, Iona, University at Buffalo
Mid-South: Lindenwood, Life University, Davenport University
California: Cal Poly, Saint Mary's, UC Davis, San Diego State,
UC Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Sacramento State, Stanford
West: Colorado, Colorado State, Wyoming Northern Colerado, New Mexico
Championships
California 25
BYU 4
Air Force 3
Harvard 1
San Diego State 1
The Varsity Club conference was formed in 2013.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1-A_Rugby
Champ 2nd 3rd
Manchester U 7 3 3
Chelsea 5 4 3
Arsenal 2 4 4
Manchester City 2 2 2
Liverpool 3 3
Tottenham 1 1
Leicester City 1
Newcastle U 1
E Wash Washington
Portland St Oregon
Idaho Idaho
Idaho St Idaho
Montana St Montana
Montana Montana
Weber St Utah
S Utah Utah
Utah T Utah
N Colorado Colorado
North Dakota North Dakota
North Dakota St North Dakota
South Dakota South Dakota
South Dakota St South Dakota
Saint Thomas Minnesota
Drake Iowa
Butler Iowa
N Iowa Iowa
Illinois St Illinois
W Illinois Illinois
E Illinois Illinois
S Illinois Illinois
Indiana St Indiana
Valpariso Indiana
Youngstown St Ohio
Dayton Ohio
SE Missouri St Missouri
Lindenwood Missouri
Missouri St Missouri
Murray St Kentucky
Morehead St Kentucky
E Kentucky Kentucky
Austin peay Tennessee
Tennessee Martin Tennessee
Tennessee Tech Tennessee
Tennessee St Tennessee
Chattanooga Tennessee
E Tennessee St Tennessee
UC Davis California
Sacramento St California
Cal Poly California
San Diego California
N Arizona Arizona
Abilene Christian Texas
Tarleton St Texas
Incarnate Word Texas
Stephen Austin Texas
Lamar Texas
Houston Christian Texas
E Texas AM Texas
Prairie View AM Texas
Texas S Texas
Arkansas Pine Blu Arkansas
C Arkansas Arkansas
SE Louisiana Louisiana
Nichols Louisiana
McNeese Louisiana
Northwestern St Louisiana
Southern Louisiana
Grambling St Louisiana
Jackson St Mississippi
Mississippi Va St Mississippi
Alcorn St Mississippi
N Alabama Alabama
Alabama St Alabama
Alabama AM Alabama
Samford Alabama
Mercer Georgia
W Georgia Georgia
Maine Maine
New Hampshire New Hampshire
Stonehill Massachusetts
Holy Cross Massachusetts
Rhode Island Rhode Island
Bryant Rhode Island
C Connecticut Connecticut
Stony Brook New York
Albany New York
Marist New York
Colgate New York
Fordham New York
Wagner New York Staten
LIU New York
Monmouth New Jersey
Georgetown Pennsylvania
Lehigh Pennsylvania
Lafayette Pennsylvania
Villanova Pennsylvania
Duquesne Pennsylvania
Robert Morris Pennsylvania
Saint Francis Pennsylvania
Mercyhurst Pennsylvania
Delaware St Delaware
Delaware Delaware
Morgan St Maryland
Towson Maryland
Bucknell DC
Howard DC
Richmond Virginia
William Mary Virginia
Hampton Virginia
VMI Virginia
Norfolk St Virginia
Gardner Webb North Carolina
Davidson North Carolina
North Carolina C North Carolina
W Carolina North Carolina
Elon North Carolina
Campbell North Carolina
North Carolina AT North Carolina
South Carolina St South Carolina
Charleston S South Carolina
Presbyterian South Carolina
Citadel South Carolina
Wofford South Carolina
Furman South Carolina
Stetson Florida
Florida AM Florida
Bethune Cookman Florida
Thousands of students
UC San Diego 43
Fullerton St 40
Northridge St 39
UC Irvine 37
Long Beach St 37
San Francisco St 30
Los Angeles St 28
UC Santa Barbara 26
UC Riverside 26
Pomona St 26
1st deck 2nd deck 3rd deck 4th deck Total Seats Seats/Row
rows rows rows rows rows
Dallas Cowboys AT&T 22 15 16 30 83 80000 964
Texas A&M U Kyle 33 38 37 108 102733 951
NY Giants MetLife 35 14 26 75 82500 1115
Houston Texans NRG 36 22 25 83 72220 870
La Rams So Fi 38 14 22 74 70000 946
Ohio St. U Ohio Stadium 80 50 130 102780 791
LSU Tiger 65 29 94 102321 1089
Tennessee U Neyland 64 23 87 101915 1171
Texas U Royal 78 25 103 100119 972
Michigan U Big House 98 98 107601 1121
Penn St. U Beaver 80 80 106572 1332
UCLA Rose Bowl 88 88 92542 1052
Green Bay Pack Lambeau 78 78 81441 1044
Indian Cricket Narendra Modi 132000 Largest stadium dedicated to cricket
Michigan soccer Big House 107601
FC Barcelona Camp Nou 99354 Largest stadium dedicated to soccer
LA Dodgers Dodger Stadium 56000 Largest baseball stadium in the world
U.S. Open tennis Arthur Ashe 23771 Largest tennis stadium in the world
Montreal Canadiens Bell Center 21105 Largest stadium dedicated to hockey
Philippine BBall Quezon 20000 Largest stadium dedicated to basketball
Japan sumo Ryogoku Kokugikan 20000 Largest stadium dedicated to sumo
